Polizopoulou Z. and Zavros N.

Proper neuro-ophthalmologic examination requires the combination of the clinician's skills for a thorough clinical and neurological evaluation of the patient. The correct interpretation of the clinical tests that are mentioned in this review article will eventually lead to the neuroanatomical localization of the lesion, which will determine the specific diagnostic procedures indicated for reaching an etiological diagnosis. The integrity of the visual pathway is assessed while evaluating the animal's ability to avoid obstacles in ambient and dim light, as well as to follow the course of moving objects. The menace, palpebral, corneal and placing reflexes are other significant tests used for evaluating vision. Differential diagnosis of pupillary abnormalities (miosis, mydriasis, anisocoria), which reflect the dysfunction of the autonomous nervous system, is based on the pupillary (direct and consensual) light reflex (parasympathetic) and the recognition of Horner's syndrome (sympathetic). The presence of signs like strabismus and/or nystagmus is indicative of a central or peripheral lesion in specific cranial nerves (oculomotor, trochlear, abducens and vestibulocochlear).

Key words: neuro-ophthalmologic examination, dog, cat